WINDOWS DEFENDER

Windows Defender offers three ways to help keep spyware and other potentially unwanted software from infecting your computer: Real-time protection. Windows Defender alerts you when spyware or potentially unwanted software attempts to install itself or run on your computer. It also alerts you when programs attempt to change important Windows settings.
SpyNet community. The online Microsoft SpyNet community helps you see how other people respond to software that has not yet been classified for risks. Seeing if other members of the community allow software can help you choose whether to allow it on your computer. In turn, if you participate, your choices are added to the community ratings to help other people choose what to do.
Scanning options. You can use Windows Defender to scan for spyware and other potentially unwanted software that might be installed on your computer, to schedule scans on a regular basis, and to automatically remove any malicious software that is detected during a scan.
When you use Windows Defender, it's important to have up-to-date definitions. Definitions are files that act like an ever-growing encyclopedia of potential software threats. Windows Defender uses definitions to determine if software that it detects is spyware or other potentially unwanted software, and then to alert you to potential risks. To help keep your definitions up to date, Windows Defender works with Windows Update to automatically install new definitions as they are released. You can also set Windows Defender to check online for updated definitions before scanning.
Spyware is software that can install itself or run on your computer without providing you with adequate notice, consent, or control. Spyware might not display symptoms after it infects your computer, but many malicious or unwanted programs can affect how your computer runs. Spyware can, for example, monitor your online behavior or collect information about you (including personally identifiable or other sensitive information), change settings on your computer, or cause your computer to run slowly.

PAINKILLER

Overdose requires both good CPU and Graphics processing power for an optimum playing experience. If you find your framerate to be too low, please adjust your video settings under the Options Menu. Dropping texture quality levels for the game architecture, sky, characters, and weapons to lower levels, as well as the overall graphics resolution will help achieve improved game performance. For multiplayer gaming please make sure to set your Connection Speed accurately under Player Settings in the Multiplayer Menu.
Also for multiplayer play on the Internet behind a firewall and/or proxy server please make sure to have the required port open to connect. Painkiller: Overdose by default uses port 4974. Painkiller: Overdose will not connect without an open port. Note GameSpy Arcade utilizes additional ports.
Information on some of the following topics has not been included or has changed since the printing of the manual: Checkpoints: Save checkpoints on both Daydream and Insomnia modes replenish your health fully. Headbob: The option to control the amount of walking and head motion you see while playing has been included in the HUD settings under the Options Menu. Lowering this setting will lessen the character's motion. Clip Plane: An option to control the viewing distance in the game world has been included under the Advanced Video tab in the Options Menu.
By lowering this setting you may have improved performance but you will not be able to see as far into the game world. Audio Settings: On certain configurations it has been noted that selecting the "Miles Fast 2D Positional Audio" driver as the Sound setting under the Options Menu will prove to be more stable than other hardware drivers. Low-end cards: While Painkiller: Overdose supports most older video cards (see System Requirements above), some of Painkiller: Overdose's special effects and advanced graphics features are not supported by these boards. While this will not affect game play in any way, some visual effects may be reduced or disabled entirely on lower end video cards.

Automotive Investment in India

Since the industry opened up to foreign direct investment (FDI) in 1996 and the government lifted all equity caps for foreign automotive investors , India has attracted a
significant amount of FDI in the auto sector. Out of 42 separate industry sectors in India, the
“transportation industry,” which includes but is not limited to passenger vehicles and
components, was the fourth largest recipient of FDI from August 1991.
With a few exceptions, most FDI has been focused on sales to the local market, but recently, many automotive firms are investing in establishing production bases for export. FDI inflows in the sector totaled $3.5 billion, accounting for 7 percent of total FDI inflows from August 1991 through December 1996.
1 This case study will describe the factors contributing to the influx of FDI to the Indian automotive sector, including domestic market conditions and Indian government policies specific to the sector; and examine FDI b passenger vehicle manufacturers in the most recent 5 year period
While rapid growth and extensive FDI in the Indian automotive industry are fairly recent
phenomena, the industry itself has a long history. Indigenous automakers Hindustan Motors
Ltd., Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., and Tata Motors Ltd. were all founded in the 1940s, with
relative newcomer Maruti Udyog Ltd. founded in 1981. Overall economic liberalization,
which began in 1991, led to the delicensing2 of the passenger car sector in 1993; however,
quantitative restrictions on vehicle imports remained. Many foreign-owned firms establishedIndian joint-venture subsidiaries in the 1990s

Prince of Persia GAME

Prince of Persia uses EAX Unified(tm) which makes the Real-Time EAX processing compatible with EAX 1.0, 2.0 (SBLive!) and 3.0 (Audigy & Extigy). For quadraphonic & Surround systems, you'll need to select their corresponding monitoring option in the "Speaker Setup" scroll window found in the "Sounds & Multimedia Properties" Tab (Multimedia Tab under win98). The ideal monitoring option for a 2 channel setup (2-Speakers with/without Subwoofer & Headphones) is Desktop Stereo Speakers.
Light & Full (Audio Virtualization options) won't give good results in a 4-Speakers/more configuration. Use it only with a 2 channel monitoring setup (Dual-Speakers system & Headphones). To enable EAX with EAX compatible systems under Windows 2000, make sure Full Hardware acceleration is selected. In Sounds & Multimedia properties, click Advanced in Sound Playback then the Performance tab.
Gamepad support: Most gamepads with dual analog sticks are supported. Other gamepads may not be fully compatible with Prince of Persia. Win98 often requires a gamepad driver to be installed for proper use.
Music Volume: Adjusts the volume of the music. Voices Volume: Adjusts the volume of all the game’s voices. Sound Effects Volume: Adjusts the volume of all Sound Effects. Audio Virtualization: Selects the 3D audio emulation mode for a 2 channel monitoring configuration (2 speakers, Headphones). The HRTF emulation is done in software thus, using CPU. It is recommended to select "None" for minimum requirements computers. None: Stereo output with no additional CPU usage. Light: Light audio 3D emulation with minimum additional CPU usage. Full: Full audio 3D emulation with more CPU usage. 3D Audio Hardware Acceleration: Enables sound card’s 3D audio hardware support. Disabling 3D audio may improve game's performance. Must be enabled to activate EAX’s support.

STORAGE & COMPUTING SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

MindTree knows that enterprises today depend heavily on their IT infrastructure to meet the needs of diverse stakeholders. Hardware and software technology vendors serving enterprise customers face new challenges in addressing their customer needs. Further, the growth of the global SMB/SME market and of the enterprise segment in emerging economies provides a new customer base. Technology vendors must provide customization, improve performance and reliability, deliver scalable solutions and innovate continuously while reducing costs. We understand the impact of hardware commoditization, outsourcing of non-core development, increased utilization through virtualization, and multi-core implementations on the storage, server, and computing systems market. MindTree is an ecosystem enabler delivering solutions and services in the areas of storage software, hardware, and subsystems, security, networks, servers, and computing systems. Our team has extensive experience in all aspects of product engineering– from semiconductor platforms to applications and security. MindTree has provided product realization services to industry leaders such as EMC, Symantec/Veritas, HP, LSI/Engenio, Sun/StorageTek, and several start ups and mid-sized companies. We deliver value with a winning combination of domain knowledge, co-innovation, IPs and building blocks, and most importantly a cost-effective, on-

MindTree understands the need for developing application software as part of the product development lifecycle in many product development scenarios. Embedded devices typically require development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) using GUI took kits, and other cases demand development of management/control software. This software typically runs on the Windows desktop and controls the network/devices. Technologies used to write these applications include .Net, Java, and other Web-based technologies. We offer application development across diverse platforms, ranging from embedded systems and small factor devices housing various flavors of real-time OS, to Windows and Linux platforms and Servers running different flavors of Windows/Linux.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

In the Indian government announced plans to lower the price of bandwidth by up to 25 percent and allow for its resale to new operators, giving foreign firms greater access
to the largely private-sector telecommunications infrastructure.55 As a result, international
firms such as BT and Cable & Wireless, which are both based in the United Kingdom, are
reportedly interested in entering the Indian telecom market to provide broader advanced
networking services, such as network integration and security. Additionally, current
operators in India, such as AT&T,56 which competes with Indian telecom companies in both
domestic and international long distance services, believe that these changes will also
improve overall service quality and reliability since end-to-end control of transmission
systems are now possible. Moreover, broadband internet service, which has grown over
600 percent to 1.5 million Indian subscribers, is seen as the primary driver of the
bandwidth market in India.57 Expansion in services such as Internet telephony (VoIP), which reached 1 billion minutes in India during the first quarter, reflecting six-fold growth from 160 million minutes,58 will also likely provide greater investment opportunities in the Indian telecom sector as bandwidth prices continue to fall.

Retailing Due to lingering political and social sensitivities within the retail sector, foreign investor in India’s retailing industry remain limited to single-brand retail outlets. With a total of
12 million retailers in India (97 percent of which are small mom-and-pop style businesses), there is strong opposition to foreign involvement.59 However, the Indian government is actively considering whether to allow greater foreign investments in specific products, namely, sporting goods, stationery, construction materials, and electronics.60 As foreign investors were allowed to control a maximum of 51 percent equity in Indian retail ventures that sell products under a single international brand. Arvind Brands, the second largest domestic apparel company in India, created a joint venture with Tommy Hilfiger licensor, Ganesh,61 to establish Hilfiger-branded clothing and apparel stores throughout India.
Bharti Enterprises and Wal-Mart announced a jointventure agreement where Wal-Mart would provide its goods wholesale to the Indian retailer and provide logistics and distribution services to the joint venture.63 Specifically, Bharti, a major Indian telecom operator, is planning to invest $2.5 billion to create a national supermarket chain creating 10 million square feet of retail space and employ 60,000 people.64 Industry sources estimate that retail sales in India will grow from $300 billion to an estimated $427 billion and $637 billion.

FDI PROCEDURES

Foreign investment policy in India has been significantly liberalized since comprehensive
macroeconomic reforms began in July 1991.1 As 100 percent foreign equity
is permitted in most sectors via automatic approval, with a handful of sectors subject to
industrial licensing restrictions,2 and only a few industries are entirely closed to foreign
participation due to political or national security sensitivities (appendix A).3 This chapter will
review India’s regulatory environment for FDI, including the approval process for new
investments; regulation related to labor and intellectual property concerns; and legal
alternatives for dispute settlement.
Foreign investment in India is approved through two routes: automatic and case-by-case
government approval. Under the automatic route, foreign investment in an Indian entity does
not require prior government approval. To qualify for the automatic route, companies
investing in approved industries must notify the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) within 30 days
of receipt of funds and issuance of shares to the foreign investor.
In other cases, government approval by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is required.4 These cases include sectors that require industrial licenses, foreign investments exceeding 24 percent of equity in small-scale industries,5 foreign investments where the foreign interest has an existing venture in the same field in India, and all proposals falling outside the
predetermined sectoral caps or in sectors where FDI is usually not permitted, but authorized
in certain cases at the discretion of the Indian government.6 Foreign investments in existing
companies and foreign technology collaboration agreements are also subject to case-by-caseapproval requirements.7 There appear to be few or no limitations on forms of establishment.

FAMOUS TRADEMARKS

Trademarks that are famous are afforded slightly different protection based on the very nature of their recognizability. Simply, the argument for famous marks is that since their brand name is recognized by a vast majority of consumers, any marks similar to it, even in different industries, could be construed as an infringement. The main justification for this is if "the owner of a famous mark shall be entitled, subject to the principles of equity and upon such terms as the court deems reasonable, to an injunction against another person's commercial use in commerce of a mark or trade name, if such use begins after the mark has become famous and causes dilution of the distinctive quality of the mark." Of course, like with all trademark issues, there are gray areas. Each potential infringement is taken on a case by case basis. Not all cases end up favoring large corporations either. Take the famous case of Victor's Secret & Victoria's Secret (Moseley et. al. d/b/a Victor's Little Secret v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc., et al.), in which the smaller company won their case. The best route to take if there is a possibility of an infringement, famous mark or not, is to speak to a trademark attorney. She will assist you in determining what the next best step is as well as offer assistance with any preparation and filing of documents.
While trademark law can be intimidating to the uninitiated, obtaining the help of a trademark attorney or an experienced private company will make the entire process go much smoother. There are preliminary steps one can do when starting a business and/or renaming a business: Choose a name that is unique & distinctive - generic or descriptive names are not generally allowed registration by the USPTO and are more difficult to enforce. Do as much free research as you can before hiring an attorney or a private company. Check the internet, yellow pages, domain names & the USPTO. Be aware that any research you do for free online is merely preliminary and only comprehensive research will tell if the name is available.

TRADEMARKS

Trademarks are frequently thought of as those items that identify either a product or a service. This can include names of services (e.g. McDonald's ® for restaurant services) or products (e.g. Coca-Cola ® for soft drinks), logos (e.g. Nike's ® swoosh design), slogans (e.g. American Express' ® Don't Leave Home Without It ®), packaging, sounds and smells. There are over 2,500,000 Trademarks, and over 16,000,000 commercial Common Law trade names in use! An existing Federal Trademark, State Trademark or commercial Common Law use can take precedence over your new business or product name, IF there is a conflict or similarity in sound, appearance or meaning! What exactly is a similarity in Sound, Appearance or Meaning? This is the most complex portion of any legal name research. In order to determine what may or may not be a similarity, one has to be as open minded as possible to include any & all variations that could possibly confuse the common consumer. Some examples may help with this: 1) Joe has a pending Federal trademark for his auto detailing service called It's in the Details. Becky wants to call her new auto detailing service, It is the Details. They are both offering the same service and their trade areas cross. This is a Strong Similarity, based on Sound & Appearance, their crossing of trade areas & Joe's pending Federal application.

HISTORY OF MASSIVELY MULTIPLAYER ONLINE GAMES

In 1973, Mazewar introduced the first graphic virtual world, providing a first-person perspective view of a maze in which players roamed around shooting at each other. This could be seen as a key progenitor not only of MMOGs but also of First Person Shooters. It was also the first networked game, in which players at different computers could visually interact in a virtual space. The initial implementation was over a serial cable, but when one of the authors began attending MIT in 1974, the game was enhanced so that it could be played across the ARPAnet, forerunner of the modern Internet.
You haven't lived until you've died in MUD. -- The MUD1 Slogan. Adventure, created in 1975 by Will Crowther on a DEC PDP-10 computer, was the first widely used adventure game. The game was significantly expanded in 1976 by Don Woods. Adventure contained many D&D features and references, including a computer controlled dungeon master.[1][2]
Inspired by Adventure, a group of students at MIT, wrote a game called Zork in the summer of 1977 for the PDP-10 minicomputer which became quite popular on the ARPANET. Zork was ported under the name Dungeon to FORTRAN by a programmer working at DEC in 1978.[3]
In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University in the UK, started working on a multi-user adventure game in the MACRO-10 assembly language for a DEC PDP-10. He named the game MUD (Multi-User Dungeon), in tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing.[4][5] Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL (the predecessor of C), before handing over development to Richard Bartle, a fellow student at Essex University, in 1980.

MANAGING A GLOBAL WORKFORCE

No job description for any human resources (HR) professional in the services or technology industries should be considered complete without one key qualification: Candidate must be able to adapt to change. While all industries experience evolution and change, technology and services companies tend to be more in flux than most. Whether it’s a new technology trend, a new service model or a new market segment to pursue, innovative executives tend to move quickly and hope the rest of the organisation catches up with them.
Of course, ensuring the rest of the organisation keeps pace with change is often considered an HR responsibility. Organisations that do not perceive HR as a vital, strategic component of their operating model do so at their own peril – it is often through the efforts of HR organisations that vision becomes reality. From ramping up recruiting to support company growth to re-training large portions of the workforce or facilitating a company-wide reorganisation, HR teams are usually at the forefront of change.
Change has certainly been the norm at Accenture since the company’s beginning, and the
global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company is showing no signs of complacency.
Over the last five years, the Accenture has grown from 65,000 employees to more than 110,000. It has evolved from a consulting-focused partnership to a publicly-held company that delivers services through a global model. Over the past several years, Accenture’s high-growth areas have been in services and outsourcing, fueled in large part by the burgeoning pools of talent in markets like India.

LEADERSHIP AND GLOBALISATION

Leadership is one of most critical factors to business success. Leadership is about defining a clear vision and strategy for the organisation, it is about effectively and successfully managing change in today’s dynamic business environment; it is the process of skillfully and responsibly guiding and influencing employees towards accomplishing goals; and it is about living the company values. And developing leadership capability is a top-of-the-mind issue for most CEOs across the world. The general perception among employees regarding leadership capability is weak. For example, in Asia most employees have rated leadership capability in their organisation quite poorly, giving it the second lowest rating.

Only 40% of the employees in the WorkAsiaTM study indicated that they were satisfied with the leadership capability in their organisation. Being a leader today is a demanding job. Leaders are expected to be multi-skilled to manage multiple and often conflicting priorities with great success. They are expected to manage operations profitably, allocate resources judiciously and play multiple roles of a teacher, mentor and conflict manager among other expectations. Globalisation, market place issues and customer expectations have also put significant pressure on leaders in terms of speed and responsivenesss.

And shareholders continue to demand performance! So what should leaders focus on and what personal qualities do they need to demonstrate to manage these multiple expectations? When CEOs of leading global organisations across the different continents were posed these questions in a global leadership study,
conducted by Watson Wyatt, Customer Satisfaction was identified as the top focus area, followed by transforming global vision into effective business strategies. For Asia instilling ‘beat the competition’ mindset in the workforce was given considerable importance as compared to the other regions.

INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE FORCES

There is an extensive literature on the determinants of firm entry to and exit from industries and the implications for job creation and job losses. Cable and Schwalbach (1991) summarize results of recent studies of manufacturing using Orr-type models in a number of different countries (Belgium, Germany, Korea, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom). Entry of firms responds, at least to some extent, to profit opportunities. Entry barriers, as measured by capital requirements and sunk costs, tend to reduce entry rates. Results for other variables are mixed, though from other studies it would appear that higher firm concentration tends to be associated with reduced entry.

Baldwin, Dunne and Haltiwanger (1993) examined the influence of industrial structure on job turnover in the manufacturing sector in Canada and the United States. The factors influencing excess job reallocation in the two countries were basically the same. Both countries exhibited similar turnover after accounting for differences in characteristics measuring industrial structure, indicating that common factors, such as the technology base of an industry, might account for similar plant turnover in both countries.
Industry concentration was negatively correlated with excess job reallocation. Higher concentration also led to both lower job gains and losses. The effect was highly significant in both countries. This was primarily a result of variation across industries. Over time increases in plant size were associated with higher turnover though this was not always statistically significant. This may be a result of restructuring associated with an industry’s move to a larger average plant size. Changes in labour productivity were associated with higher excess job reallocation, higher job gains and lower job losses, though the relationship was generally only significant for Canada and not for the United States. The impact of unionization was not possible to measure given its very high correlation with plant size used to measure concentration. Davis, Haltiwanger and Schuh (1994) found that job losses were highest in establishments where capital intensity was low.

TRADE

Increased openness of economies has been put forward as one explanation for less job stability. For manufacturing in Canada (1970-1979), Baldwin and Gorecki (1983) examined entry and exit of firms from industries. This study looked at trade in combination with other variables relating to industrial structure. Distinguishing between domestic and foreign firms, they found that the former were significantly influenced by trade performance while the latter were much less so.
Entry was positively correlated with growth in the volume of exports and negatively correlated with growth in the volume of imports. However entry by plant creation responded less to growth in exports than to growth in domestic sales lending support to the argument that export opportunities require larger firms.

Exit was lower the higher the growth in exports and was positively correlated with growth in imports. The effect of balanced changes in trade may have been to decrease the number of domestic firms via the effect of export and import growth on entry and exit10. Leonard and Schettkat (1991) suggest that greater product market stability, including greater export market stability, may account for lower turnover in Germany than in the U.S. For Germany, Muller and Owen (1985) found that growth in exports was related to growth in plant size in twelve manufacturing industries. For Norway (manufacturing), Morch von der Fehr (1991) found a statistically significant negative correlation of export market orientation with the firm entry rate while the import share or the domestic market was also negatively correlated though the relationship was not statistically significant.

Both variables had been expected to affect entry negatively on the assumption that they were associated with increased risk. Baldwin, Dunne and Haltiwanger (1993) included the effect of trade on job creation and job loss for the manufacturing sector in Canada and the United States. Exports were positively associated with job creation in Canada and the United States though this result primarily reflected variation across industries rather than changes over time.
In both countries increases in exports over time led to lower job creation though the effect was only significant in the United States. In the United States, but not in Canada, exports were also associated with increased job losses. Imports were correlated with higher job creation and higher job losses in both countries. This was true in both the short and the long-run. Increasing imports over time have been associated with increased job losses in Canada but not in the United States. Davis, Haltiwanger and Schuh (1994) found that there were not distinct patterns in job creation and loss when industries were grouped according to import penteration and export share, except that in industries with high import penetration ratios, job loss was elevated.

THE INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

A wire can get data from one place to another. However, you already know that the Internet can get data to many different places, distributed all over the world. How does that happen? The different pieces of the Internet are connected by a set of computers called routers, which connect networks together. These networks are sometimes Ethernets; sometimes token rings, and sometimes telephone line.
The telephone lines and Ethernets are equivalent to the trucks and planes of the Postal Service. They are means by which mail is moved from place to place. The routers are postal substations; they make decisions about how to route data ("packets"), just like a postal substation decides how to "route" envelopes containing mail.
Each substation or router does not have a connection to every other one. If you put an envelope in the mail in Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, addressed to Boonville, California, the Post Office doesn't reserve a plane from New Hampshire to California to carry it.
The local Post Office sends it to a substation; the substation sends it to another substation; and so on, until it reaches the destination. That is, each sub-station only needs to know what connections are available, and what is the best "next hop" to get a packet closer to its destination. Similarly, with the Internet: a router looks at where your data is going and decides where to send it next. It just decides which pipe is best and uses it.

PACKET SWITCH NETWORKS

When you try to imagine what the Internet is and how it operates, it is natural to think of the telephone system. After .111, they" are hoth electronic, they both let you open a connection and transfer information, and the Internet is primarily composed of dedicated telephone lines. Unfortunately, this is the wrong picture, and causes
Many misunderstandings about the Internet operate. The telephone network is what is known as a circuit network. When you make a call, you get a piece of the net work dedicated to you. Even if you aren't using it (for example, if you are put on hold), your piece of the network is unavailable to others wishing to do real work. This leads to underutilization of a very expensive resource, the net- work.
A hetter model for the Internet, which may not instill confidence in you, is the u.s. Postal Service. The Postal Service is a packet switched network. You have no dedicated piece of the network. What you want to send is mixed together with everyone else's stuff, put in a pipe, transferred to another Post Office, and sorted out again. Although the technologies are completely different, the Postal Service is a surprisingly accurate analogy; we'll continue to u.

PRIVATIZATION

Right behind commercialization comes privatization. For years, the networking community has wanted the telephone companies and other for-profit ventures to provide "off the shelf" IP connections. That is, you could order an Internet connection just like you order a telephone jack for your house. You order, the telephone installer leaves, and you plug your computer into the Internet. Except for Bolt, Beranek and Newman, the company that ran the ARPAnet, there weren't any takers. The telephone companies have historically said, "We'll sell you phone lines, and you can do whatever you like with them." By default, the Federal government stayed in the networking business.
Now that large corporations have become interested in the Internet, the phone companies have started to change their attitude. Now they and other profit-oriented network purveyors complain that the government ought to get out of the network business. After all, who best can provide network services but the "phone companies"? They've got the ear of a lot of political people, to whom it appears to be a reasonable thing. If you talk to phone company personnel, many of them still don't really understand what the Internet is about, They isn’t got religion, but they are studying the Bible furiously. Although most people in the networking community think that privatization is a good idea, there are some obstacles in the way. Most revolve around the funding for the connections that are already in place. Many schools are connected because the government pays part of the bill. If they had to pay their own way, some schools would probably decide to spend their money elsewhere. Major research institutions would certainly stay on the Net; but some smaller colleges might not, and the costs would probably be prohibitive for most secondary schools (let alone grade schools). What if the school could afford either an Internet connection or a science lab? It's unclear which one would get funded. The Internet has not yet become a "necessity" in many people's mind. When it does, expect privatization to come quickly.

ASPECTS OF INDIA’S ECONOMY

Unemployment is not merely a human problem, a difficulty faced by the unemployed. It is an expression of the inability of the existing social system to draw on all the resources available to it to increase production. Indeed, unlike the other two factors of production, land and capital, which are passive, labor is able to create capital. If society is to maximize production, it cannot afford to waste any of the factors of production: these factors of production, including labor, must be put to socially efficient and complete use.
Until the Great Depression of 1929, capitalist economists were not much concerned with the question of unemployment. Their theoretical frame assumed that the only reason for there being excess supply of any commodity was that its price was not being allowed to sink to its market-clearing level, the price at which all of that commodity would be bought up. Thus unemployment was said to be the result of wages not sinking low enough; this in turn was because of trade unions. Were wages allowed to sink low enough, capitalists would find it profitable to hire more workers, and would spontaneously do so till full employment was reached.1
Unemployment was the central question addressed by J.M. Keynes, although he addressed it from a limited frame of a capitalist society. Keynes pointed out that capitalists would not hire workers as long as demand was inadequate. Indeed not only labor, but even capital and land may remain idle for lack of demand in the economy. Under such conditions, he argued, it was necessary for the State to stimulate demand by carrying out investment. While Keynes was very much an establishment economist, whose concern was the survival and stabilization of the capitalist system, his contribution was to dispel the illusion that the economic system was stable, or that it would spontaneously bring about full employment.
In the last three decades, however, the pre-Keynes theoretical frame has regained ascendancy among academicians in the pay of the ruling establishment. It is being promoted as gospel truth worldwide by the rulers. It is being implemented not only in industrialized countries, but even in countries like India, where vast unemployment/under-employment reigns. Under these conditions, in the absence of social protection and workers' organization, the "market-clearing" price of labor power can sink well below the level needed for subsistence.

CDL TRUCK DRIVING JOBS

Many truck driver jobs were filled by independent owner operators that had little or no CDL training on their resume. Most likely, many semi truck owner operators were not qualified to safely operate the vehicles they choose to make a living and feed their families. This was a great tool for criminals and a nightmare for law enforcement agencies. Fortunately, the government came to its senses.
The first step towards CDL training became law in... 1986 when the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 was signed into law on October 27, 1986. The goal of the Act was to drastically improve highway safety. The Act retained States rights to issue a commercial driver's license (CDL), but established minimum national standards which States must meet when licensing CMV drivers.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed and issued truck driver job testing standards and licensing for CMV drivers. These new laws demanded that states administer CDL knowledge and skills training assessments through truck driving schools and to certify semi truck owner operators and other CMV drivers related to the type of vehicle to be operated.
To qualify for today's truck driver jobs, truck drivers need a CDL if they are in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce and drive a vehicle that meets one of the following definitions of a CMV: The CDL program places requirements on the CMV driver, the employing motor carrier and the States.

BENEFITS DERIVED FROM BPO CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS

Productivity Improvements
Access to expertise
Operational cost control
Cost savings
Improved accountability
Improved HR
Opportunity to focus on core business
Outsourcing is not new - it has been a popular management tool for decade. One can safely say outsourcing has evolved :-
1960's - time-sharing
1970's - parts of IT operations
1980's - entire IT operations
1990's - alliances/tie-ups
India has one of the largest pool of low-cost English speaking scientific and technical talent. This makes India one of the obvious choice to outsource to. Dell, Sun Microsystems, LG, Ford, GE, Oracle all have announced plans to scale up their operations in India. Others like American Express, IBM and British Airways are leveraging the cost advantage India has to offer while setting up call centers. Several foreign airline and banks have too set up business process operations in India. Indian revenues from BPO are estimated to have grown 107 per cent to $ 583 million and this particular area employs 35,000 people Many European and US companies have realized that they should focus on their main business and outsource their Human Resource Department, accounting department etc. Bingo! it is here exactly India fits in! Today US corporations have embraced BPO wholeheartedly. Managed Care Companies, which is more popularly known as Healthcare payers, are increasingly outsourcing

OUTSOURCING OF HEALTHCARE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Outsourcing has become a $4 trillion-a-year business, according to Dun and Bradstreet. Outsourcing potentially enables businesses to reduce costs and concentrate on core competencies while transferring noncore business processes, thereby providing more effective goods and services elsewhere. But is it a boon or a boondoggle? Many healthcare organizations are finding that diverse functions can be outsourced without affecting the core competency of health care. Although outsourcing was once primarily used to provide noncore services such as dietary, housekeeping, and security, it has extended to top executive jobs, clinical areas (e.g., nurse and physician staffing), and a growing number of business functions, including coding and billing.
Functional outsourcing involves a single function that solves one problem in a facility, such as outsourcing transcription or coding. Departmental outsourcing is much broader in scope and may include reengineering of a department, such as the health information management department or the payroll department. Strategic outsourcing involves more than one department, such as the human resources division (including payroll, benefits, hiring, and firing) or the business office (including chargemaster, insurance, admissions, and collections). There is no general consensus on the optimal mix of in-house and outsourced functions. Each organization should assess its own needs and determine for which functions benefits outweigh the concerns discussed below. Outsourcing offers many potential benefits to healthcare organizations. One major benefit is providing enough staff to operate the facility. Altoona Hospital in Altoona, Pa., for example, successfully outsourced some of its radiology readings to India. Outsourcing routine X-rays and scans helped to stabilize the heavy workload for the hospital's in-house physicians. The number of nighttime radiology calls was swamping the seven on-call radiologists at the hospital. In addition, transferring routine paperwork off-site allowed in-house staff to concentrate on core competencies, such as improved patient care, and to spend more time practicing medicine. Another major benefit is the cost savings resulting from reducing the in-house full-time and/or temporary staff and the training associated with that staff. In addition, healthcare organizations can invest capital in new medical equipment and supplies rather than in staff and/or technology to complete core business processes such as billing and coding. For example, an Evanston Northeastern Healthcare executive in Highland Park, Ill., estimates that the organization's outsourcing contract will save it about $400,000 annually. By outsourcing coding, Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis reduced its discharged not final billed due to uncoded records from $13 million to $4 million. Its outpatient unbilled encounters also i mproved from more than $2 million to less than $800,000.

WELCOME TO BPO MART ONE STOP FOR ALL BPO NEEDS

BPO [Business Process Outsourcing] has been the latest mantra in India today. As the current sources of revenue face slower growth, software companies are trying new ways to increase their revenues. BPO is top on their list today. IT services companies are making a quick entry into the BPO space on the strength of their existing set of clients. We hope to address all issues related to BPO in India on this portal.
We will attempt to explain what it takes to setup a BPO facility in India. Actually, setting up a call center is capital intensive affair. An ordinary BPO center that takes care of pure back office operation [e.g. payroll, data entry etc.] will not be as expensive as a call center.
The philosophy behind BPO is specific, do what you do best and leave everything else to business process outsourcers. Companies are moving their non-core business processes to outsource providers. BPO saves precious management time and resources and allows focus while building upon core competencies. The list of functions being outsourced is getting longer by the day. Call centers apart, functions outsourced span purchasing and disbursement, order entry, billing and collection, human resources administration, cash and investment management, tax compliance, internal audit, pay roll...the list gets longer everyday. In view of the accounting scandals [Enron, WorldCom, Xerox etc], more and more companies are keen on keeping their investors happy. Hence, it is important for them to increase their profits. BPO is one way of increasing their profits. If done well, BPO results in increasing shareholder value. Typically, a customer calls the call center [usually a toll-free number]. After pressing numerous numbers [1 for English, 2 for Spanish, 3 for bank balance!] the operator will answer your query by accessing the database. Call centers address sales support, airline/hotel reservations, technical queries, bank accounts, client services, receivables, tele-marketing, market research. If a bank shifts work of a 1000 people from US to India it can save about $18 million a year due to lower costs in India. According to Mckinsey, giant US pharma firms can reduce the cost of developing a new drug, currently estimated at between $600 million and $900 million by as much as $200 million if development work is outsourced to India.

DIRECT SALES REPRESENTATIVES

Direct Sales opportunities have made a new resurgence for Stay-at-Home Moms in the past five years. Also known as "network marketing" or "MLM," direct sales has taken on new life for mothers who wish to work from home. Companies like Pampered Chef, Creative Memories, Tupperware and Avon have departments for "Home Party Sales." Home parties allow mothers to stay at home with their children during the day and book home parties in the evenings when Dad or a babysitter can watch the kids.
Anything from scrapbooking supplies to cookware to lingerie is now sold through home parties, serving almost any interest. Use our home business forums to find like-minded mothers who are already doing direct sales and home parties. This option is excellent for work-at-home mothers who can work at their computer during the hours they choose. It has somewhat of a learning curve, but the rewards can be tremendous. Most mothers who take this road find their income stronger and more consistent by the end of their first year. Not only this, once they do the legwork upfront, they find their income continues without having to put in much effort.
My husband and I had a family crisis that took us away from our online business for five months. We could only work two hours a week answering emails and taking care of a few administrative tasks. During those five months, our online business continued to bring in money and take care of our financial needs. But, you'll need to take the time to learn the ins and outs of building your website, getting traffic, and so forth. The fastest, easiest and most complete way we've found to get through the learning curve is to use "Site Build It." They have a Masters Course that explains how it works especially for Work-at-Home Moms (WAHM's) at wahm.sitesell.com/how_to.html. Plus, you can take Site Build It for a no-risk test drive.

SOFTWARE PATENT DEBATE

Software patent debate is the argument dealing with the extent to which it should be possible to patent software and computer-implemented inventions as a matter of public policy. Policy debate on software patents has been active for years.[1] The opponents to software patents have gained higher visibility with lower resources through the years than their pro-patent opponents.[2]
Arguments and critiques have been focused mostly on the economic conse A patent must publicly disclose the invention and so educate the public and advance the state of the art of the invention. Thus patents accelerate software development by making previously unknown and not obvious software inventions public. Patents must disclose how to make and use an invention in sufficient detail so that other persons of ordinary skill in the art of the invention can make and use the invention without undue experimentation.[5]
Furthermore, patents are only valid if the inventions they disclose were not known by the public prior to the filing of the patent application, or if the inventions were not obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art at the time the patent application was filed. (US laws are somewhat different from other countries. In the U.S. the focus is on when the invention was made, not when the patent application was filed). This is the formal law, and a rule that if violated could lead to invalidation of a patent, so is followed strictly by patent lawyers.[6]The time delay between when a software patent application is filed, and when it becomes public is 18 months.[7] This is a compromise position allowing U.S. innovators to develop their software before revealing details about it and giving competitors an unfair look at their research and development, and providing the public notice within a fair amount of time to allow others to develop their own technology. The format in which software inventions are disclosed in patents (plain language text, flow charts, line drawings, etc.) allows a person with reasonable programing skills to recreate software capable of performing the ideas patented, as required by law. Copyleft publications by contrast, provide a different type of information addressing a different legal standard with different incentives.

SOFTWARE ENGINEER

Software Engineers are needed to help enhance DMS, a programming environment supporting a new software development paradigm. Semantic Designs is continuing its development of 21st Century software engineering tools to generate and maintain application programs using specifications and transformation-based synthesis. A sophisticated team has already been assembled to carry out this task.
Additional team members are needed to help define, design and construct enhancements to this software engineering environment. Depending on system needs, skills and interests, s/he may: Implement parsing tools and syntax tree builders for attribute grammars; Define and implement semantics-based specification schemes; Design and implement optimizing-compiler like synthesis engines; Design and implement GUI definition languages and GUI for tools; Build Client/Server intefaces between the DMS core and a DMS user Define problem domains and their semantics, including database, graphics, parallel processing, Design and implement analyzers for pointer-based languages; Work on reverse engineering tools to abstract code to components; Apply the tools to significant test cases, Build APIs and interfaces to other applications, Define test infrastucture and tests for DMS
Candidates must have a Masters or Ph.D. in Computer Science. A strong grasp of programming languages and compilers is essential. Experience with parallel programming, optimizing compilers, transformation engines or various formal specification techniques such as algebraic or denotational semantics are a definite plus. Experience in R&D projects producing large, robust systems is a plus. Applicants must be independent thinkers and strongly self-motivated, but must work in a team to achieve the final vision. Team members are individually responsible for large subsystems. In addition to competitive salaries commensurate with experience, employees will be offered a comprehensive benefits package. Semantic Designs is located in beautiful Austin, Texas

SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION

If the design documents truly represent a complete design, the manufacturing team can proceed to build the product. In fact, they can proceed to build lots of the product, all without any further intervention of the designers. After reviewing the software development life cycle as I understood it, I concluded that the only software documentation that actually seems to satisfy the criteria of an engineering design is the source code listings.
There are probably enough arguments both for and against this premise to fill numerous articles. This article assumes that final source code is the real software design and then examines some of the consequences of that assumption. I may not be able to prove that this point of view is correct, but I hope to shown that it does explain some of the observed facts of the software industry, including the popularity of C++.
There is one consequence of considering code as software design that completely overwhelms all others. It is so important and so obvious that it is a total blind spot for most software organizations. This is the fact that software is cheap to build. It does not qualify as inexpensive; it is so cheap it is almost free. If source code is a software design, then actually building software is done by compilers and linkers. We often refer to the process of compiling and linking a complete software system as "doing a build". The capital investment in software construction equipment is low—all it really takes is a computer, an editor, a compiler, and a linker. Once a build environment is available, then actually doing a software build just takes a little time. Compiling a 50,000 line C++ program may seem to take forever, but how long would it take to build a hardware system that had a design of the same complexity as 50,000 lines of C++.
Anothe r consequence of considering source code as software design is the fact that a software design is relatively easy to create, at least in the mechanical sense. Writing (i.e., designing) a typical software module of 50 to 100 lines of code is usually only a couple of day's effort (getting it fully debugged is another story, but more on that later). It is tempting to ask if there is any other engineering discipline that can produce designs of such complexity as software in such a short time, but first we have to figure out how to measure and compare complexity. Nevertheless, it is obvious that software designs get very large rather quickly. Given that software designs are relatively easy to turn out, and essentially free to build, an unsurprising revelation is that software designs tend to be incredibly large and complex. This may seem obvious but the magnitude of the problem is often

WHAT IS SOFTWARE DESIGN

Object oriented techniques, and C++ in particular, seem to be taking the software world by storm. Numerous articles and books have appeared describing how to apply the new techniques. In general, the questions of whether O-O techniques are just hype have been replaced by questions of how to get the benefits with the least amount of pain. Object oriented techniques have been around for some time, but this exploding popularity seems a bit unusual.
Why the sudden interest? All kinds of explanations have been offered. In truth, there is probably no single reason. Probably, a combination of factors has finally reached critical mass and things are taking off. Nevertheless, it seems that C++ itself is a major factor in this latest phase of the software revolution. Again, there are probably a number of reasons why, but I want to suggest an answer from a slightly different perspective: C++ has become popular because it makes it easier to design software and program at the same time.
If that comment seems a bit unusual, it is deliberate. What I want to do in this article is take a look at the relationship between programming and software design. For almost 10 years I have felt that the software industry collectively misses a subtle point about the difference between developing a software design and what a software design really is. I think there is a profound lesson in the growing popularity of C++ about what we can do to become better software engineers, if only we see it.Years ago I was attending a seminar where the question came up of whether software development is an engineering discipline or not. While I do not remember the resulting discussion, I do remember how it catalyzed my own thinking that the software industry has created some false parallels with hardware engineering while missing some perfectly valid parallels. In essence, I concluded that we are not software engineers because we do not realize what a software design really is. I am even more convinced of that today.

WEB DESIGN

What is Web Design eb design is used as a general term to describe any of the various tasks involved in creating a web page. More specifically, it refers to jobs focused on building the front-end of a web page. The web consists of myriad pages, presenting information using different technologies and linked together with hyperlinks. There are two basic aspects to any web page found on the Internet. The first is a presentation that the user interacts with, usually visually, while the second is a back-end that includes information for non-human browsers.
The basic markup language used to tell a browser how to present information is called the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). A stricter version of HTML is also widely used, known as extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML). Using HTML or XHTML, a web designer is able to tell a browser how a web page should appear. In the last few years there has been a push towards separating the underlying structure of a web-page (using HTML) from the visual presentation of the site (using Cascading Style Sheets or CSS). This approach has a number of major benefits in both the short and long term, and is gathering popularity as time progresses.
From a technical standpoint, the act of web design can be quite difficult. Unlike more traditional print media, HTML has a number of variable factors. To begin with, not all browsers interpret HTML according to the standards created by the standard-setting body - the World Wide Web Consortium, also known as W3. This means that while one piece of web design will appear as the designer wishes it to in one browser, it may appear completely differently in another. There are numerous fixes and work-arounds to try to circumvent browser-specific bugs, but it is a tenuous business at best.
Anothe r major limiting factor of web design is the plethora of formats a site might be viewed in. While graphic designers know exactly how large the piece of paper they are printing on will be, a web designer must account for different monitor sizes, different display settings, and even browsers for non-sighted surfers! Combined, these concerns often leave a web designer struggling to incorporate enough dynamism to make a web page attractive on a range of browser sizes, while creating a layout static enough to allow for the use of images and other necessarily fixed-size components.
In addition to (X)HTML and CSS, web designers often use a number of database driven languages to allow for more dynamism and interactivity on their websites. While useful with smaller sites, database driven languages become a virtual necessity on any site presenting huge amounts of data. Some of the most popular languages for 'dynamic' web design include ASP, PHP, and ColdFusion. Macromedia's Flash also allows for a different sort of web design and is very popular amongst many web designers.The possibilities for web design are virtually limitless, although at one point they were quite constrained by the boundaries of the browser itself. With the advent and flexibility of Flash and other embedded technologies, these boundaries have been all but removed, allowing for a versatility and dynamism that challenges the imagination of anyone interested in web design

WHAT IS SOFTWARE

Software is the non-tangible aspect of a computer that is necessary for it to perform any function. Software includes the programs that instruct the computer what to do, the configuration files where important system information is stored, and user files which hold the end result of the computers' functions. Often, many different layers of software are combined to perform computing tasks, examples of which include the transfer of HTML files via TCP/IP or the operation of a media player running in an operating system.
Examples of common computer software include the Microsoft Windows operating system, the Firefox web browser, email filters, and mp3 audio files. Each of these represent a different type of software, that are often used together to perform a particular function or task. The operating system renders an interface to the computer's hardware and provides a platform for which developers can code other software without concerning themselves with the details of the hardware. If the operating system is the only software installed on the computer, then the computer can be powered on yet nothing can be done with it. This type of software is called system software.
Application software, such as Firefox, are the programs that actually do anything useful to the end user. In the case of Firefox, the program fetches and displays webpages. Other types of application software include the programs familiar to home computer users including Outlook, Thunderbird, Open Office, and Photoshop. Most application software is customizable, for instance in Thunderbird one can configure email to be automatically sorted into folders depending on certain criteria. These customizations are referred to as user-written software.
Other examples of user-written software include Open Office macros and music playlists. The final type of software is the files which contain the data created or processed by application software. Email messages, digital photographs, mp3 files, and all other data files are included in this category. These files by themselves are useless: they require application software to open and display their content. Mp3 files, for instance, require a program such as Windows Media Player or Winamp to open them and play back their content.

AUTOMATE YOUR SOFTWARE PROMOTION

If you've tried other automated software distribution tools before, then you know that it's hit or miss at best. Of course you will save a lot of time if you only have to click once to submit your program to all the download sites. But, will your program be listed correctly? What if the download site no longer exists? If you are really serious about selling your software on-line, then you can't leave software distribution to chance.
The only reliable way to submit your program is by visiting each download site personally and entering your information. That gets tedious in a hurry! With Software Promoter, you will be able to fill out forms in no time using drag and drop. No more typing, no more errors, and best of all - no more wasted time!
Software Promoter will keep track of all versions, import and generate PAD files, it even supports multi-lingual product descriptions! All you have to do is enter your information once, and you can submit to as many sites from the collection as you choose. Updating your software is even easier! Once you've filled out a form at a download site, you can save that form pre-filled for the next time you visit to update your software.
Software Promoter keeps track of all your login and password information for each download site, so you don't have to hunt through your inbox for the information every time you distribute your software. Are you still entering customer information into a database manually? Software Promoter will automatically check your inbox for orders and with one click, you can add customers to the built in database. How much time will you save, with that feature alone?Still using mail merge to create personalized emails to your customer base? Or worse yet, sending out generic catch-all emails to you entire list? Sending customized emails right from Software Promoter is only 4 clicks away. Message templates will cut down on your time spent on administration work and leave you more time for doing what you love best.

DATA ENTRY PROFILE

Data entry is the act of transcribing some form of data into another form, usually a computer program. Forms of data that people might transcribe include handwritten documents, information off spreadsheets from another computer program, sequences of numbers, letters and symbols that build a program, or simple data like names and addresses. Some people perform jobs that are exclusively data entry, while others, like programmers, might have to occasionally enter data. Since the advent of computers, and since the beginning of typing, the need to collect and neatly present documents has required data entry. Good typists, especially those who are also excellent at 10-key typing often are the most qualified for data entry positions. On the other hand, many computer programmers are not terrific typists but still plow their way through inputting code into programs when needed.
People who work exclusively in the field of data entry are likely to be quick typists, able to read off longhand or typewritten documents, and must be accurate. In programming, the wrong letter, number or symbol can throw off an entire command function of a program. For spreadsheets or for documentation that will be published or printed, typos can result in misinformation or embarrassing errors. Data entry requires focus and concentration, and some find the work exhausting and even challenging to the body. For any person who types all day, paying attention to maintaining good posture, typing in an ergonomically sound position, and taking breaks for the eyes and hands are all important. Most experts in workplace ergonomics suggest that people entering long streams of data should take a break at least once an hour by moving away from the computer screen. Hand exercises and stretching exercises for the body may also help prevent typing related injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome.
With a number of information systems requiring a constant stream of data, data entry doesn’t necessarily have to take place in an office or workplace. Many people work out of their homes entering data, transcribing medical information, or updating websites — especially websites that offer merchandise. You can find numerous telecommuting data entry jobs available which provide people with an excellent way to have a flexible schedule. What should be avoided for anyone who wishes to enter the data entry field are “scam” offers, which promise data entry work if you pay a fee. Although there are many of these scams on the Internet, there are many legitimate data entry jobs available through reputable freelance sites that don’t require a fee. Typically, data entry jobs pay between 10-15 US dollars (USD) per hour. People with specialties like medical transcription, can make a little more than that.
In some cases, computers can perform data entry by scanning documents and converting information into different programs. It is predicted that this method and others may ultimately take over some data entry jobs. For example, voice software might eliminate the need for medical transcriptionists at some point. If you do plan to work in the field of data entry, it can help to diversify your skills and learn something about the field in which you’re working. For example, if you spend days entering code for websites, learning tools to program in HTML and Java might make you more employable in the future.

DATA ENTRY

Data entry is a large field that comprises many different types of work. A data entry clerk may work primarily as a typist, a transcriptionist, a word processor, or may be involved in entering streams of data/information into various existing programs. Some data entry clerks also input information into programs that are being built or developed. Key skills for this type of work are typing speed, with speed in numbers equivalent to that on letters, accuracy in typing, knowledge of many office and data programs, and good spelling, punctuation and grammar. A person who works as a data entry clerk usually has at least a high school diploma.
As the world increasingly stores most information in computer databanks, the need for data entry clerks with good skills increases. Unfortunately, the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics expects that US jobs for the data entry clerk are declining and will continue to decline. Part of this drop in available jobs is based on company outsourcing. Foreign workers may be quite capable of performing data entry and often do so at a much lower price than US workers. If you’re considering a career as a data entry clerk, you might want to consider expanding your knowledge and employability by learning essential information about office programs, performing other office duties, or learning how to not only input data but also how to program.
There still will be jobs available for the data entry clerk, with an average pay rate of about $28,000 US Dollars (USD) per year. Most clerks are hired on a full time basis, but some people work from home or part time performing data entry on an as needed basis. What type of information you’ll be typing largely depends on a company’s needs. You might be filling out the same type of forms every day for a credit card company, a government agency, or a hospital. Alternately, you may simply be entering combinations of letters and numbers, which on their own don’t make much sense. Some people find the work repetitive and dull, and others enjoy the act of typing accurately.
Certain data entry fields are growing. All the Internet sites, especially those with extensive catalogs of products may require significant data entry, which may need to be updated on a regular basis. This type of work for the data entry clerk generally involves entering streams of data in HTML code in order to update websites. In the medical field, the switch to maintaining computer records of patients means a significant amount of work to update files. We are currently just at the beginning of the “electronic revolution” in medicine, so it’s expected that work in this field will be needed for a long time

HISTORY OF DATA WAREHOUSING

In the 1990's as organizations of scale began to need more timely data about their business, they found that traditional information systems technology was simply too cumbersome to provide relevant data efficiently and quickly. Completing reporting requests could take days or weeks using antiquated reporting tools that were designed more or less to 'execute' the business rather than 'run' the business.
From this idea, the data warehouse was born as a place where relevant data could be held for completing strategic reports for management. The key here is the word 'strategic' as most executives were less concerned with the day to day operations than they were with a more overall look at the model and business functions.
As with all technology, over the course of the latter half of the 20th century, we saw increased numbers and types of databases. Many large businesses found themselves with data scattered across multiple platforms and variations of technology, making it almost impossible for any one individual to use data from multiple sources. A key idea within data warehousing is to take data from multiple platforms/technologies (As varied as spreadsheets, DB2 databases, IDMS records, and VSAM files) and place them in a common location that uses a common querying tool. In this way operational databases could be held on whatever system was most efficient for the operational business, while the reporting / strategic information could be held in a common location using a common language. Data Warehouses take this even a step farther by giving the data itself commonality by defining what each term means and keeping it standard.
All of this was designed to make decision support more readily available and without affecting day to day operations. One aspect of a data warehouse that should be stressed is that it is NOT a location for ALL of a businesses data, but rather a location for data that is 'interesting'. Data that is interesting will assist decision makers in making strategic decisions relative to the organization's overall mission.

AFFILIATE PROMOTION WORK (WITH READYMADE WEBSITE)

An affiliate marketer is when someone sells another person's product or service for a commission payment, which is a pre-determined percentage of the overall sales price. An affiliate can also get paid commissions for providing leads and clicks to a merchant?s web site. Many affiliate marketers make thousands of dollars each month without ever developing their own product. However, once again, that many affiliate are doing the same thing and using the same website. So, it is a must to get creative and do something totally different from everyone else.
There are several advantages to being an affiliate marketer. The immediate benefit is the cost. Many times one can start for free or for a very low cost. Affiliate marketers do not have to worry about the costs involved with developing their own products, bookkeeping, or customer support issues. They also do not have to take care of web site development, hosting, and all the other problem areas associated with web site maintenance. The merchant who you are representing as an affiliate handles all of these details for you. All you need to focus on is getting people to visit the merchant?s web site in order to hopefully buy a product or service from them. When they do make a purchase from the merchants site you get paid the agreed upon commission for the sale.
Numerous opportunities exist for job-seekers who want more control over time and work, who want job flexibility to spend more time with family -- by working from home. Unfortunately, this area is also one that has the most potential for scams and other fraudulent activities.Call centers are becoming a bigger and better industry all of the time. They comprise a large percentage of the customer service work that many companies engage in. In a general way a call center refers a variety of actual business functions, ranging from call centers designed to handle customer calls, tech support systems, help desks, agents are trained to manage many call-types, including regular telephone inquiries,faxes, e-mails and web requests.
Many call centers find that costs are lowered and the overall efficiency of a business is increased when work is sourced out to work at home call center agents. Also referred to as working remotely these at home or remote agents often are more productive and happier and also report greater levels of job satisfaction than those who work in other capacities. Walking hand in hand with these positive characteristics is the fact that work at home call center agents tend to be loyal to their companies and not as likely to be jumping from job to job. In a lot of ways these agents get the best of both worlds- they get to have their cake and eat it too.

BPO JOBS

What is Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and what are the types of BPO Jobs?Business Process Outsourcing - BPO is the act of delegating in-house operations or processes to a third party. These responsibilities initially could have been an internal service or an existing system. Companies outsource to achieve cost savings which may occur when the cost of living is lower in the outsourced country. The main motive behind Business Process Outsourcing - BPO is to allow the company to invest more time, money and human resources into core activities and building strategies, which fuel company growth. It helps free up a company’s capital and reduce costs besides allowing the company to save on recruitment, training and other human resource costs it would otherwise have to maintain internally. Excellent communication skills, College education, Good soft skills, Technical knowledge (for technical support centres),BPO Jobs are available in all functional areas like: Operations, Finance, Human Resources, Facilities, IT,BPO jobs are available at all levels of a corporate chain. Some of the advantages of BPO Jobs are; Global exposure, Industry standard training, Industry standard HR practices These are some of the reason that BPO Jobs have been the career of choice for most youth fresh out of college and seasoned professionals; besides learning comes by way of industry and knowledge exposure.

R AND D

In a market full of choices, MindTree understands the short product lifecycles that result from rapid changes in customer taste and preference. The constant drive towards more miniature designs also means smaller footprints - without compromise on integration of functionalities, interoperability with third party devices, and device personalization. Feature-packed mobile handsets are now viewed more as portable entertainment gadgets than communication devices. In this scenario, our understanding of audio, video, and wireless technologies, coupled with product development processes, can help you bring products to market fast.
MindTree's focus is on building reliable hardware, software and embedded system solutions for various consumer products. We can engage with you right from architecture definition to product prototyping. Our IPs and IP-led offerings in Bluetooth and UWB provide considerable advantage in terms of 'ready-made' solutions for your requirements. MindTree's strategic alliances with semiconductor and RTOS companies along with our investments in frameworks and proof-of-concept (POC) designs also ensure that we can work with you as domain consultants, not merely as project partners
The cost of determining if a particular piece of software infringes any issued patents is too high and the results are too uncertain. Should a software developer hire a patent attorney to perform a clearance search and provide a clearance opinion, there is no guarantee that the search could be complete. Different patents and published patent applications may use different words to describe the same concepts and thus patents that cover different aspects of the invention may not show up in a search. The cost of a clearance searches may not prove to be cost effective to businesses with smaller budgets or individual inventors. Developers may be forced to pay license fees for standards that are covered by patents. Most organizations that set standards require that members disclose any pending patents they may have that cover the standards. They also require that the members make those patents available on a nondiscriminatory basis and at a reasonable license fee. Members that hide the existence of patents for inventions that standards are based on can be subject to legal action. Patenting software inventions takes investment away from research and development.

NEEDS AND WANTS OF AN EXPERIENCED EMPLOYEE

A distinct career progression must be conveyed before an employee joins the ship, so that he may be prepared with a clearer vision. The potential employee needs to feel the enriching experience to be a part of an organisation where one can foresee an entire lifecycle of a product development starting from being involved right from the design stage to developing to implementing the specific product.
Providing or creating an opportunity for growth is a factor crucial for retaining employees. If there is a single set pattern, it may lead to feeling of restrictions and claustrophobia. The answer lies in creating multiple career paths or alternative options for the in-house talent to explore. It is ideal for companies to adopt corporate strategies with this kind of a career portfolio.
A corporate certainly has its own vision but when an employee steps into the scene, he comes armed with his own specific aspiration. The perfect synchronisation will result when the two thoughts coincide and the employee is able to experience independent satisfaction along with the needs of the company. Therefore, an atmosphere where the ‘function or role of the employee matches the vision of the company’ becomes ideal.
We are all aware of the importance of branding; yet it is not just about stories and advertisements in media, which would be addressing the external audience. It is the internal branding which should be taken more seriously. This includes a wholesome integration of people

IT INDUSTRY THE ATTRACTION CHALLENGE

The IT industry is perceived as an ‘industry-of-choice’ by theyoung workforce in India and continues to attract talent. Attractiondrivers for this industry are – a proven and growing sector, highcompensation levels, international experience opportunities throughon-site stints and collegial and flexible work culture. The fact that India is now a globally recognised IT powerhouse with more and more high-end work being done from here has created a strong and positive brand image for the industry. The sector also provides opportunity to work with some of most reputed global and Indian organisations, an important influencer for potential employees, particularly at the entry-level.
However, the challenge for this industry is to keep pace with the constant and fast-paced changes in technologies either through training or acquisition of talent. The other challenge faced by companies in this sector is to retain employees by providing them with a fulfilling career. Employee expectations vary at different career stages. At the entry level compensation, on-site experience with an opportunity to travel to different parts of the world and working on specific technology platforms are key attraction drivers. Employees with experience aspire for a career track in their preferred domain or technology area, empowerment and leadership responsibilities, apart from competitive compensation.
The challenges for the ITES sector are similar to what the IT sector faced during its start-up stage. The demand is out-pacing the supply; NASSCOM has already predicted a shortage of 262,000 professionals for this sector. Hence, the primary focus of most organisations in this sector is attraction and retention of talent. Also this sector is still perceived as a new sector with unproven track record and the level of awareness of the different types of BPOs is comparatively low. In a recent study conducted by Watson Wyatt across colleges and business schools in India, while 96% of the graduates indicated an awareness of call centres, only 63% were aware of other types of BPOs. Even among MBA students, many indicated that they did not know the difference between voice-based and non voice-based BPOs. Though this is one of the fastest growing sectors in the country, BPOs do not seem to be the first choice for many graduates and post graduates in India. Only 47% of the graduates and 20% of MBA students expressed an interest in joining this sector. The key attractions for joining this sector are ‘high salaries’ resulting in improved lifestyle, collegial work culture and an opportunity to improve accent and communication skills, particularly at the graduate level.

STRUCTURAL JOB TURNOVER CONCENTRATED IN CYCLICAL DOWNTURNS

While extensive work has been done to examine the impact that aggregate or transitory shocks have on turnover, the evidence is still mixed, and generalisations must be treated with some caution. In general, one would not expect job turnover to fluctuate over the economic cycle: job gains should be as likely to fall in recessions as job losses are to rise. However, Davis and Haltiwanger (1990 and 1992) and Davis Haltiwanger and Schuh (1994) found evidence of a counter-cyclical pattern in total job turnover in manufacturing in the U.S This is a result of an asymmetry, with larger increases in job losses than declines in job creation during downturns and the reverse during upswings.
Others have reached similar conclusions. For Italy, Contini and Revelli (1992) found that turnover appears to be counter cyclical6. Violante and Prat (1992) found a weakly significant correlation at the aggregate level but a more strongly significant relationship for manufacturing alone (Turin region) 1978- 1989. For Canada, Baldwin and Gorecki (1990) found evidence of counter-cyclical movements in manufacturing during the period 1970-1981. Baldwin, Dunne and Haltiwanger (1993) found a negative correlation between turnover and net employment growth for Canada but not the U.S. Konings (1993) found a negative correlation for a sample of large firms in the manufacturing sector in the United Kingdom.
By contrast, for Italy for the period 1984-1989, Gavosto and Sestito (1992) found that turnover in manufacturing was positively correlated to the business cycle7. Boeri (1994) did not find that there was a strong relationship between turnover and net employment growth for 7 OECD countries, likely as a result of intra-industry turnover which remained high through the economic cycle.The difficulty in resolving the issue of the counter-cyclicality of turnover stems partly from the lack of sufficiently long time series to take account of the magnitude of movement over the cycle. The most significant movements in turnover, when structural change may have occurred, took place at only two points -- the recessions of 1981-82 and 1990 or later. However, differences in turnover during these two periods from the remainder of the time series cannot be isolated8. Instead, most studies have made use of rank correlations between turnover and net employment growth.
There are several possible explanations for the counter-cyclical pattern in job turnover. Major allocative shocks, accompanied by sharp rises in job losses, may be at the root of recessions. Alternatively, as is widely held, recessions may still be caused by aggregate shocks but these may influence the timing of job reallocation. Blanchard and Diamond (1990) concluded that the most likely explanation is that recessions may be a time of cleaning up. Cyclical downturns may be accompanied by structural change in which the increased competition for a dwindling market produces industry restructuring. The budget constraint of firms varies over the cycle. During upswings, it typically becomes softer so that inefficiencies may arise. In downturns, when the budget constrain becomes firmer, firms must deal with these inefficiencies.

OECD JOB TURNOVER

Job turnover measures the creation or disappearance of positions while labour turnover measures the movement of workers into (hires) and out of (separations) jobs. In practice, this distinction is not always clear-cut. "Jobs" in this chapter are defined as filled employment positions. Job turnover is based on comparisons of stocks of employment in each establishment or enterprise at two points in time, usually one year apart. This comparison eliminates labour turnover within the establishment during the intervening period and so distinguishes job turnover. However, only net changes in jobs within each establishment are counted, so that true job turnover is under-estimated. In addition, changes in unfilled vacancies are not included.
Comparison of each establishment at two points in time allows it to be classified (in Chart 1) into one of four categories: opening (block A), expanding (block C), declining (block D) and closing (block B).Continuing establishments are classified based on net employment change. The sum of these four components (without regard to sign) represents gross change or job turnover (block I) or gross job reallocation. The net effect of these four categories of change, aggregated across all establishments in the economy, is equivalent to the net change in employment (block J).
Turnover is high relative to net employment growth because establishments or firms behave differently. Excess job turnover (reallocation) is the difference between total turnover and the absolute value of net employment growth (in Chart 4.1 block I - block J)2. This turbulence in the labour market represents the dispersion of establishment or firm growth rates around the mean rate of employment growth.This reflects differing circumstances facing establishments and implies that establishments within industries, regions and size classes are not homogeneous as is traditionally assumed in economics. As Hamermesh (1993) has pointed out, this means that there is no" representative establishment in an industry". If one assumes that decisions to hire are dependent on the marginal product, turnover data suggest that it is constantly shifting across establishments. If this is true, then, labour demand is a considerably more complex issue than is allowed for in the neoclassical theory of production, useful as that theory has been [Hamermesh (1993)].
Among the many ways to analyze job turnover, gains from opening and expansion of establishments (firms) (Chart 1 block E) can be compared with losses arising from closures and contractions (block F). Employment changes due to openings and closures, or net entry (Chart 1 block G) can be seenas distinct from expansion and contraction within a pool of existing establishments (net expansion) (Chart 1 block H). Employment growth stemming from the opening of new establishments can be viewed separately from the performance of existing establishments which consists of expansion, contraction and closure.

OECD JOB CREATION

Job creation continues to be one of the most important issues facing OECD economies. The traditional focus on net employment growth hides much of the dynamics of employment creation: regardless of whether net employment is increasing or declining, large numbers of jobs are being created as well as destroyed. For the OECD nations for which data are available, total turnover averaged more than twenty per cent during the 1980s, although net employment growth was generally in the range 0.5 -2 per cent. In other words, each year an average of one in five jobs changed.
Zero net employment growth can mask significant job gains and losses. Industries with declining employment can have significant job creation while industries with growing employment can have significant job losses. The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of employment growth, job gains and job losses, with a view towards a better understanding of recent developments underlying employment growth in the 1980s and expected trends in the 1990s.
An important distinction which will be made during most sections of the paper is that between the influence of cyclical factors and structural forces. These are important influences on net employment growth, ergo their influence on the full range of labour turnover is equally important. In its last review of the issue, OECD (1987) placed a strong emphasis on the relationship between structural change and the process of job creation and job loss and some of the findings or conclusions drawn at this time will be further explored.
The paper begins with an overview of the process of employment turnover and its components in section B. This is followed in Section C by a review of recent literature. This includes the influence of the business cycle on job gain and loss and the potential effects of structural change. The analysis undertaken is presented in Section D while section E concludes the paper with some policy implications stemming from the research.

THE OECD JOBS STUDY: EVIDENCE AND EXPLANATIONS

New evidence for the manufacturing sector in the U.S. indicates that the rate of employment gain through establishment openings is no higher than that of Canada and of a sample of Nordic countries. Turnover largely reflects movements within industries rather than across industries. More basic factors, such as the technology base of an industry are the principal determinants of turnover [Baldwin, Dunne and Haltiwanger (1993)]. Openness to trade has an impact on turnover in some countries.
There is also evidence that structural change is concentrated in cyclical downturns; however, data limitations do not allow this hypothesis to be fully tested, although turnover did increase in several OECD countries during the most recent recession. There may be some potential to smooth the cyclical swings of job loss and avoid contemporaneous structural and cyclical change [Caballero and Hammour (1991)]. This largely falls to macro-economic policy, which by smoothing cycles may reduce the cost of closure of older facilities and new investments during upswings which is increased by the unpredictability of demand.
There may be asymmetry in the process of structural change. More extensive allocative shocks, which shift production and employment from one industry to another will produce immediate increases in job losses, perhaps concentrated in cyclical downturns and only gradual increases in job creation through entry of new establishments, perhaps in other sectors [Davis and Haltiwanger (1990)]. The evidence presented in this report is not inconsistent with this view; however, more evidence is needed. This asymmetry in the process of structural change could have implications for unemployment. Jobs lost due to structural change during downturns may not be replaced during a cyclical recovery which would, strictly speaking, restore jobs lost for cyclical reasons. New jobs would eventually emerge through the gradual opening of new establishments, but this could result in a considerable unemployment gap, especially given the high failure rate of new establishments. From a policy perspective, it is important to distinguish this phenomenon from that whereby cyclically unemployed individuals may become structurally.

THE OECD JOBS STUDY

This paper reviews recent literature on job gains and job losses. Economies exhibit high rates of gross job reallocation - both high levels of job gains and job losses. For the OECD nations for which data are available, total turnover averaged more than twenty per cent during the 1980s. This is a result of differing behaviour of establishments (firms) in the face of similar general economic conditions.
Two streams have developed in the literature in attempting to characterize the influence of structural change on job turnover. The first sees structural turnover as continuous, and emphasizes the importance of establishment openings as the primary means through which more significant changes in an economy occur. An alternative view emphasizes the concentration of job losses stemming from structural change in cyclical downturns. The timing and pace of structural change can have an important influence on labour market policies.
The behaviour of the four components of job turnover over the cycle gives some indications about how cyclical and structural change are reflected in turnover data. Though limited to four countries, there is evidence that the rate of job gains stemming from the opening of establishments is related to the trend in employment growth, while closure of establishments is correlated with neither the trend nor the cycle. Expansion and contraction of existing establishments is the dominant element in the cyclical pattern of employment change.
The relative stability of openings in several countries during the late 1980s, combined with the expansion of existing establishments (and their reduced contraction) indicates the importance of cyclical conditions in explaining the increase in employment growth over this period. While further evidence is needed, the implication of these findings is that these employment gains were then more subject to loss when cyclical conditions changed than if the growth in employment had taken place through increased entry. These results also point to potential difficulties in trying to increase opening rates, given that they were apparently not heavily influenced by the robust cyclical conditions that prevailed during this period.

DRIVES SERVICE OFFSHORING

The leading driver of offshoring is that it creates opportunities to lower the cost of producing goods and services, owing to much lower wages in developing countries.3 Wage differences between offshore labor, given that domestic outsourcing appears much more extensive than offshoring (for example, in the data presented in Amiti and Wei).
4 That can also be a source of productivity growth for the overall economy. In fact, Amiti and Wei estimate that service offshoring accounts for about 11 percent of U.S. productivity growth in 1992-1999, although their finding of such a large contribution is surprising given the small amount of service offshoring and the indirect nature of their offshoring measure. (In their estimate, the productivity boost comes from an annual average increase of about 0.014 percentage points in the share of imported service inputs in total non-energy inputs. Furthermore, domestic outsourcing is not distinguished from offshoring in their data. The benefit of contracting out to specialized firms applies to domestic outsourcing as well as offshore outsourcing.)
7 developing countries and the U.S. have existed for a long time, but it has become possible to take advantage of them for production of services only in recent years, especially over the past decade, thanks to the rapid progress of IT technologies. The dot-com boom of the late 1990s may have also contributed to the feasibility of offshoring by leading to substantial investments in fiber-optic cable installations around the world and in other IT technologies, which reduced communication costs and thereby made offshoring of services less costly. Those developments changed the trade-off between costs and benefits of locating service jobs to remote locations, giving rise to offshoring.
In addition to lowering labor costs, another channel by which offshoring reduces costs is that it helps firms concentrate on their main areas of expertise by enabling those firms to contract out their auxiliary tasks to specialized firms, which are likely to be more efficient at those tasks and hence do them at lower cost.

OUTSOURCING VS OFFSHORING

Offshoring is preferred in this paper because outsourcing may refer to domestic transactions while leaving out some offshore transactions that are directly of interest. Outsourcing means the purchase by a firm of a good or service that could be produced in-house from another firm, which may or may not be located in the same country.
For example, a U.S. firm could be outsourcing to another firm within the U.S. — that would be outsourcing, but not offshoring. Conversely, many offshore movements of work are under the roof of the same multinational company—for example, from a U.S. firm to its subsidiary in India. Those would not necessarily be called outsourcing (because no “second-party” is involved, all within the same firm), but would be a case of offshoring.
The definition above does not specify whether the country that provides the offshored service is a developing or an advanced economy. Accordingly, sending work to Germany would be counted as offshoring by that measure. This is an area where the definition above has a disadvantage, because offshoring concerns are very often related to the competition from low-wage countries — expensive labor in other advanced economies is not considered a challenge to U.S. workers.
Therefore, it might have been preferable to limit the offshoring concept to cases where the service provider is a developing country, but, as a practical matter, it is not always possible to identify the country of the trading partner in the data.

OFFSHORING OF SERVICE JOBS

Recent technological advances have made it economical to import some services that were not so previously, raising concerns about the future of U.S. jobs and workers' incomes. However, the current extent of service offshoring is very modest, both as a share of GDP and in terms of its contribution to aggregate labor market turnover and worker displacements. Service offshoring is still only a minor part of the international economic competition that the U.S. faces.
Service offshoring appears to have been relatively intense for IT occupations, but the employment and wage trends in those occupations still compare favorably to U.S. averages. While offshoring might become much more significant in the future, a closer look at detailed occupations reveals that most U.S. service jobs currently are not suitable for performing remotely from abroad, even when some significant cultural and institutional barriers are ignored.
In addition, a range of transaction and adjustment costs slow offshoring growth, and it would take a long time for offshoring to attain its potential limits, possibly decades. However, current estimates regarding how fast and how far offshoring will grow are very uncertain.
The progress in information technology and communications, especially over the past decade, has enabled firms to import some services that previously had to be performed within the U.S. from offshore locations such as India, where labor costs are much lower than in the US. Such movement of work is called outsourcing or offshoring

MEDICAL AND LEGAL TRANSCRIPTION

Currently, medical transcription offshoring from India generates USD 195 million in revenues; and is expected to reach USD 647 million. The medical transcription outsourcing grabbed a lot of media attention in India during 1995 - 97, well before 'BPO' became a household term. People were excited about the huge opportunity that India had hit upon. However, the industry witnessed a rough patch around 1000. Today, the USD 195 million strong industry is silently supplying to the USD 12 billion medical transcription industry in the US. We have classified vendors into three primary groups: Indian units of large US players - Typically comprise American companies or Medical Transcription Service Organizations (MTSOs) who have successfully set up their transcription centers in India. The large players include CBay, Spheris, Spryance, Acusis and Heartland. These large players account for almost 70 percent of Indian medical transcription offshoring revenues.
Mid-sized players - There are a number of medium sized players (< 500 employees) in India. Most of them work as franchisees or vendors of the larger players and have limited marketing presence in the US. Smaller players - There are a large number of such small players with <50 employees. These players are subcontractors to the other two groups and suffer from unreliable revenue flows. We estimate the current employment in the India-based medical transcription vendors is approximately 18,000 and expects this to grow to 52,000. According to Arun Jethmalani, CEO, ValueNotes, although there will be significant growth in the medical transcription outsourcing space, most of it will be centered around the MTSOs. Adds analyst Neeraja Kandala, "the industry will witness greater consolidation, with large American MTSOs eyeing the smaller Indian offshore vendors". The report provides an overview of the buyer scenario and an in-depth analysis of the Indian vendor space along with profiles of major industry players. The report is designed to help: Hospitals, healthcare institutions and medical transcription service organizations looking to outsource/offshore Outsourcing consultants evaluate and compare the offerings of vendors Medical transcription vendors to assess their competitive environment American medical transcription companies looking for Indian partners Venture Capital companies looking for investment opportunities Researchers looking for detailed information on medical transcription outsourcing The report is based on secondary data as well as extensive interviews with key people at various medical transcription outsourcing companies in India